Sharif Digital Repository

Wrinkles on the skin are among the most common effects of aging, which are associated with a decrease in the concentration of fibroblast cells and the breakdown of collagen and elastin chains. Youthfulness and skin beauty are important attributes of nature that are directly linked to human self-confidence, attracting numerous candidates each year for skin rejuvenation and restoration. Over the years, several non-invasive methods have been introduced to address wrinkles and increase the volume of subcutaneous tissue, with subdermal fillers emerging as an effective and safe approach commonly used in aesthetic clinics. Commercial fillers are categorized based on factors such as the base...