Sharif Digital Repository

The dRGT theory of massive gravity is a consistent theory of interacting massive spin 2 particles. As an effective field theory compared to observational data, its UV cutoff is rather low. Namely, unitarity is violated at low energies in scattering of longitudinal modes. In this dissertation, we give a brief review of the dRGT theory and its challenges. Of particular interest is the question of its UV completion in a more consistent model. Then, we show that this theory can be obtained from a topological gauge theory in one higher dimension. After dimensional reduction and symmetry breaking via boundary conditions, we obtained four dimensional effective field theories including the dRGT plus... 

Based on the large number of interacting cells and their abundant connections, human brain is a complex system able to produce interesting collective behaviors. Studying these collective behaviors needs special tools that potentially could be found in the context of the statistical physics of critical phenomena, as these tools are specifically developed for understanding the large-scale properties of physical systems. Starting with the introduction of the self-organized criticality in the late 80s, a number of physicists have tried to utilize this concept for explaining some aspects of the brain properties, such as memory and learnig. The observation of the neuronal avalanches in the early... 

We live in the cyber era in which network-based technologies have become omnipresent. Meanwhile, threats and attacks are rapidly growing in cyberspace. Nowadays, some signature-based intrusion detection systems try to detect these malicious traffics. However, as new vulnerabilities and new zero-day attacks appear, there is a growing risk of bypassing the current intrusion detection systems. Many research studies have worked on machine learning algorithms for intrusion detection applications. Their major weakness is to consider the different aspects of network security concurrently. For example, continuous concept drift in normal and abnormal traffic, the permanent appearance of zero-day... 

Aerosol measurement is used in different fields such as nanotechnology and materials science, environmental air pollution monitoring and air quality measurements, combustion and engine exhaust, inhalation toxicology and medical studies. One of the most prevalent methods for aerosol measurement uses electrical mobility. An electrical mobility spectrometer (EMS) is used to classify particles ranging from 10 – 1000 nanometers, under the influence of an electric field. There are two electrodes in EMS between which the aerosol and sheath air flow. Charged particles in the aerosol and sheath enter the device from one end and are subjected to an electric field. Passing through the annulus,... 

In this study different models of an aerodynamic particle sizer and aerodynamic focusing lens were introduced and governing equations for an aerodynamic focusing lens for flow fields and particle motions were discussed. An aerodynamic focusing lens was simulated for analyzing particle motions and flow fields. Two kinds of models are considered; One was Ahmadi`s model and the other one was Wang`s model and both models are axisymmetric. The results show that for small particles (sub 30 nanometers), Brownian motions were highly effective on transmission efficiency and producing particle beams. The two models are compared and the results show that Ahmadi`s model produce narrower particle beams... 

Most of the current literature on the simulation of the electro-osmotic flow in micro-channels decompose electric potential to two components; internal and external potentials. They usually approximate the near wall changes in the ion concentration (called double layer) which is physically responsible for electro-osmotic force by a model (like Poisson equilibrium distribution or Debye-Huckel approximation). There are reports in the literature which show that the approximations lose their fidelity for more complex situations. In this thesis we solve the full system of Nernst-Planck and Navier-Stokes equations by resolving electric double layer. The proposed... 

In recent decades, metal nanoparticles have been used in medicine for example in cancer treatment. There have always been debates on the nanoparticles specifications such as particle size, amount of surface charge and the particle material. Meanwhile, the study on selecting appropriate properties of nanoparticles for this purpose is very essential and expensive in medical science. In order to access the best efficiency and the least mortality of the patients in treatments, simulation studies can support the medical scientists. In this thesis, the goal is to study transferring nanoparticles as a drug or included drugs through created hypothetical micro-channels in cancerous cells membrane.... 

Nowadays capacitive deionization (CDI) has attracted a lot of attention for water treatment. CDI is an emerging water treatment technology that uses electrophoretic driving forces for desalination of water. During the CDI process, ions are adsorbed onto the surface of electrodes by applying a low voltage electric field (DC<2V). In addition, the regeneration of the electrodes contains desorption of the electrosorbed ions from the surface of the electrodes to the water in the absence of the applied electric field. In the mechanism of CDI, separation and accumulation of ions in the electric field are the main processes and no additional chemicals are required in this technology. Therein,... 

DNA is big protein molecule consisting of two strands intertwining each others. Recently DNA molecule has drawn attention of researchers to be used in electronic circuits and molecule electronic field. Therefore, many experiments have been carried out to measure DNA conductivity in different temperature in single molecule or bundle mode with varying size and shape. In this thesis, metallic bundle DNA at normal room temperature is studied and their resistance characteristic is obtained and compared. In order to improve DNA conductivity Metal Ions like zinc are adulterated to each of its structure period. DNAs with these metallic impurities are called metallic DNAs.
Thus, golden electrodes... 

Cascade impactors are the instruments which are used to assess the particle size distribution and the cut off diameter. Cascade impactors are wildly used for hygiene purposes, environmental, and toxicological studies. However, to find out the accurate size distribution, the cut off diameter of each stage which is different for different types of impactors with different geometry specifications should be determined. In this study first the basis of the cascade impactor operation is described. Next, different types of cascade impactors are introduced, and the Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI) is chosen to design. The design criteria are explained and the dimension of each stage, entrance cone,... 

Recent advances in micro-technology are finding important applications especially in chemical and biological processes. In these applications, mixing has a profound importance. Due to the inherent low Reynold’s number flow in micro systems, diffusion mixing is the dominant mixing mechanism at these scales. This is in contrary to the high Reynold’s number ordinary applications where turbulent mixing plays the major role. There are two major classes of micro-mixers: passive and active. Passive micro-mixers rely on geometric features to enhance mixing. Active micro-mixers on the other hand, use external excitation to promote and control the rate of mixing. In this work, using numerical tools,... 

The “Lab-on-a-Chip” is a micro-scale device which uses fluids as working medium and can handle number of functions such as sample preparation and transfer, separation, bio-sensing and detection. One of the important parts of these devices is micro-mixer, that should blend two fluid species in a short time with desirable mixing quality. Micro-mixers are classified as passive and active. By considering the micro-scale of mixers, turbulence phenomena cannot occur due to dominance of viscous forces, therefore the mixing only depends on molecular diffusion. This thesis consists of two main parts, in the first part algebraic multigrid has been studied and implemented in Rayan (in-house CFD code).... 

In recent years, teleoperation systems have been widely used in bio-medical applications such as minimally invasive telesurgery, telerehabilitation and telesonography, and also for outer space exploration and radioactive material management. In bilateral teleoperation systems, the human operator applies force on the master robot to control the position of the slave robot in order to perform a task in a remote environment. A nonlinear robust adaptive bilateral impedance control strategy is proposed in this research to provide the absolute stability of multi-DOF teleoperation systems with communication delays. Using this controller, instead of conventional position tracking (synchronization)... 

Energy of graphs first defined by Ivan Gutman in 1978[1]. Let G be a graph with (0,1)-adjacency matrix A and let λ_1≥⋯≥λ_n be eigenvalues of A. Grap h energy is defined as the sum of absolute values of the eigenvalues of A and is shown by ɛ(G). let H_1,…,H_k be the vertex-disjoint induced subgraphs of graph G, it is proved that energy of G is at least equal to the sum of energy of H_i subgraphs, where the summation is over i. Also by partitioning edges of G to L_1,…,L_k subgraphs, energy of G is at most equal to sum of energy of L_i subgraphs , where the summation is over i. In this thesi s we study energy of graphs, specially... 

High-Speed Crafts’ motion has lots of hydrodynamic complexities, so analytical study of their motion is not feasible. Meanwhile, experimental analysis of their reactions in water is not time-consuming & cost-effective. In spite of code generating & developing problems and complexities in the primary stage of numerical modeling of such problems, this method is the most popular & efficient one. On the other hand, flow around high-speed craft bodies has a turbulent nature and needs special cares to predict reasonable results. In the present study, after representing an introduction about the turbulence modeling, we discissed about governing equation such as momentum, volume fraction and rigid... 

In recent years, with the increase in generation capacity and the expansion of power networks, the grid short-circuit level has significantly risen, creating serious challenges for the protection of the network electrical equipment. One effective solution in this context is the use of Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (SFCLs), which, due to their fast transition from the superconducting state to the resistive state, can limit the high fault currents within a short period of time. In this thesis, after reviewing the operating principles, types, and applications of SFCLs, in the first step a semi-industrial prototype of a resistive-type SFCL is tested in the Superconductivity Laboratory... 

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) which are commonly understood as the combination of membrane filtration and biological treatment using activated sludge have several advantages, but membrane fouling reduces the membrane efficiency, permeability and lifetime. An alternative is replacing a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) with the activated sludge system which may reduce the effect of membrane fouling. The sludge produced in MBBRs has poor settling characteristics, therefore, their efficiency is limited by the sedimentation tank performance and they require a larger settling surface. The combination of moving bed biofilm reactors and membrane bioreactors can compensate for the drawbacks of both of... 

The concurrent flow of oil and water is a common occurrence in the field of multiphase flow in different fields including petroleum industry. In oil and gas, production engineers often face a situation in which more than one phase is flowing through the producers. In such conditions an accurate assessment of pressure loss inside the well plays a vital role in efficient and effective production planning. Changes in well orientation, wellbore diameter, reservoir and fluid properties as well as fluid flow rates are among parameters in which will affect the flow patterns that can occur inside a well during its life time. These flow patterns are created as a result of a competition between...