Sharif Digital Repository

The microfluidic device, known simply as microfluidics, is an emerging technology that has become a significant tool for pharmaceutical businesses to process and analyze materials for developing, optimizing, testing, and delivering various drugs in advanced nanocarriers. Technically, microfluidics is a technique to handle small solution volumes (nanoliters to picoliters) in microchambers of different geometries and dimensions ranging from a few nanometers to hundreds of micrometers. Each year, many pharmaceutical drug delivery systems have failed clinical translation because of scale-up problems. Now, scientists are trying to find some suitable alternatives and more robust methodologies to... 

The growth and productivity of different varieties of beetroot Beta vulgaris were examined in presence of urea, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, compost and salt during the field trial, and the chemical constitution of three different varieties, dark red, ruby queen and detroit-2 was identified quantitatively by spectrophotometer. Ruby queen shows maximum growth as compared to dark red and detroit-2. The application of urea, nitrogen, phosphate, potassium and compost reduces the amount of catalase and total antioxidant enzymic potensial while increasing the concentrations of proteins, lipids, and sugars, with high growth and yield. Maximum growth was observed in the presence of urea, while... 

Nonlinear optical (NLO) materials are essential components in modern photonics and optical devices due to their ability to generate new frequencies through the nonlinear interaction with intense light. Synthesizing porphyrin-based NLO materials is complex and challenging, requiring specialized techniques to achieve high purity and yield. Controlling chromophore orientation and optimizing nonlinear optical properties are key difficulties that demand interdisciplinary efforts for practical photonics and optical applications. In the present study by using z-scan technique some of non-linear optical (NLO) parameters includingthird order NLO susceptibility (χ3), and molecular second... 

The current study revealed the effectiveness of polypropylene (PP) fibers and cement to enhance the strength of black cotton soil. PP fibers and cement with different concentrations were mixed with black cotton soil. The strength of PP fiber and cement-based soil samples was measured in terms of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and California Bearing ratio (CBR). Specimens for UCS and CBR tests were prepared at 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% of cement (by dry weight of soil) and seven percentages of polypropylene fibers i.e. 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5% and 0.6% (by dry weight of soil). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of polypropylene and cement contents in... 

The current study revealed the effectiveness of polypropylene (PP) fibers and cement to enhance the strength of black cotton soil. PP fibers and cement with different concentrations were mixed with black cotton soil. The strength of PP fiber and cement-based soil samples was measured in terms of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and California Bearing ratio (CBR). Specimens for UCS and CBR tests were prepared at 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% of cement (by dry weight of soil) and seven percentages of polypropylene fibers i.e. 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5% and 0.6% (by dry weight of soil). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of polypropylene and cement contents in... 

State estimation in power engineering is used as a tool to find the unknown parameter values from the hypothesized model by utilizing the specified information available about the system. Due to random noises that are added from different sources, the exact value of the state vector cannot be found. This study is an effort to describe the simultaneous and individual confidence intervals for the state parameters in view of the heteroscedastic structure of the error terms. The performance of the constructed intervals in terms of coverage probability has been evaluated by using the Monte Carlo simulation study. The results of the study demonstrate that it is an effective method for practical... 

Based on exclusive thermal dynamic of nanomaterials, various applications are noted in engineering and industrial processes. Owing to such thermal impact, the researchers have presented comprehensive research on nanomaterials. While claiming novel applications of nanofluids, the stability of nanomaterials is important for which less attention has been paid. On this end, the aim of current research is to predict the thermal instability of graphene nanoparticles with suspension of water base fluid due to transient Hartmann flow. The Poiseuille flow of water-based nanoparticles subject to the magnetic force is assumed between two plates. The numerical outcomes are predicted with implementation... 

The presence of gross errors in the process data for the power system state estimation (PSSE) algorithm is very crucial as they may severely degrade its results. The conventionally used state estimator is based on the method of the weighted least squares (WLS) which is not robust against the bad measurements that results in larger deviation in output estimates. In this study, a new robust algorithm based on the quasi weighted least squares (QWLS) estimator is presented. The robustness of the QWLS approach is achieved by reducing the impact of bad measurements on the objective function. In the existence of gross errors, the proposed algorithm provides estimates as good as those that are... 

Cotton contributes 0.6% to the value added in GDP and 3.1% to the value added in the agriculture sector of Pakistan. The dusky cotton bug (DCB), Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), is among the insect pest species of highest economic significance in cotton production in the country. Adults and nymphs feed on seeds and cotton bolls, affecting seed germination. The dusky cotton bug is a polyphagous insect that feeds on a variety of host plants. Its adults and nymphs typically feed on squares of the cotton plant, resulting in a pale yellow color of squares and subsequent shedding of infested squares. Insecticide resistance in cotton insect pests is an emerging threat to sustainable... 

This study focuses on a forward looking approach in which deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a new class of designer solvents, were impregnated into micro porous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane for the separation of CO2 from CH4. Three types of DESs were prepared by mixing and heating of hydrogen bond acceptor (choline chloride) with either malic acid, tartaric acid or oxalic acid as hydrogen bond donor. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the hydrogen bond interactions in the resulting DES. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to evaluate the thermal stability of the prepared membranes. The DES based supported liquid membranes were investigated systematically to... 

Cereal grains are a good source of macronutrients and micronutrients that are required for metabolic activity in the human body. Sprouts have been studied to enhance the nutrient profile. Moreover, secondary metabolites are examined as green food engineering technology that is used in the pharmaceutical, functional ingredients, nutraceutical, and cosmetic industries. The sprout-based food is commonly used to enhance the quality of products by softening the structure of the whole grain and increasing the phytochemicals (nutritional value and bioactive compounds). These sprouting grains can be added to a variety of products including snacks, bakery, beverage, and meat. Consuming whole grains... 

This paper focuses on characterization of intervertebral disc behavior upon fatigue stress. It consists in in-vitro experiments to measure intervertebral disc deformation with regard to forces applied to produce fatigues test. In this paper, a system modeling based non-invasive method to assess back pain is proposed which may be used for designing of prediction model to predict the failure of intervertebral disc (IVD) experiencing fatigue loading. An artificial compression fracture was simulated in the lower level of vertebra followed by a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement injection. Fatigue loading was applied on the specimens and the load was incrementally increased form 650 N... 

This paper presents the background of low back problem caused by repetitive fatigue loading. We emphasize on mechanism of Intervertebral Disc (IVD) and conditions for which the disc does not recover its original status under repetitive work and cause low back pain. The objective of this study is to identify structural changes in system parameters for fatigue loaded intervertebral disc. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used for studying the behavioral change of spine against cyclic loading as a function of time. Percentage difference and similarity factor was calculated for the analysis. Specimens were applied with impulse testing to measure the stiffness and acceleration after fracture,... 

Aluminum alloys have promising characteristics which make them more useful in industrial applications for thermal management and entropy of the fluidic system. Hence, the current research deals with the analysis of entropy and thermal performance of (C2H6O2–H2O)/50:50% saturated by (AA7072/AA7076/Ti6AI4V) alloys. Traditional problem modified using enhanced characteristics of ternary alloys and hydrocarbon 50:50% base fluid. Further, significant effects of nonlinear solar radiations, dissipation and convective heat condition effects are also taken in the problem formulation. The developed model analyzed numerically and simulated the results for thermal performance, comparative entropy, shear... 

Biosensor made from metal oxide is reported to be useful for sensing urea levels in the human body, NiO nanoparticles have successfully been utilized to make urea biosensors. Ni-based electrodes are favorable for making a low-cost urea biosensor. Fe-doped NiO nanoparticles were prepared by the sol-gel method. Different concentrations of Iron doping were done in NiO and its sensing response was measured. XRD characterization was performed to determine the material's structure, phase purity, and crystallinity. Also, this characterization showed that the NiO compound is pure and single phase with a cubic structure. CV, time response FTIR, and UV–Visible spectroscopy were performed on the pure... 

The sentiment analysis (SA) applications are becoming popular among the individuals and organizations for gathering and analysing user's sentiments about products, services, policies, and current affairs. Due to the availability of a wide range of English lexical resources, such as part-of-speech taggers, parsers, and polarity lexicons, development of sophisticated SA applications for the English language has attracted many researchers. Although there have been efforts for creating polarity lexicons in non-English languages such as Urdu, they suffer from many deficiencies, such as lack of publically available sentiment lexicons with a proper scoring mechanism of opinion words and modifiers.... 

As of late quantum calculus is broadly utilized in different parts of mathematics. Uniquely, the hypothesis of univalent functions can be newly portrayed by utilizing q-calculus. In this paper, we utilize our recently presented symmetric p,q-number m p,q to characterize new symmetric p,q-derivative D p,q of analytic function f in the open unit disk U. Utilizing D p,q, we introduce new class of analytic star-like functions and examine some fascinating results. © 2021 Khalid Akbar et al  

As of late quantum calculus is broadly utilized in different parts of mathematics. Uniquely, the hypothesis of univalent functions can be newly portrayed by utilizing q-calculus. In this paper, we utilize our recently presented symmetric p,q-number m p,q to characterize new symmetric p,q-derivative D p,q of analytic function f in the open unit disk U. Utilizing D p,q, we introduce new class of analytic star-like functions and examine some fascinating results. © 2021 Khalid Akbar et al  

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vinegar-soaked Ficus carica fruits (VSFCF) for managing cholelithiasis in adults. A parallel-group, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial at Noreen Nishat Welfare Hospital, Khanewal, Pakistan, was conducted from December 2023 to February 2024. Fifty adults with ultrasound-confirmed cholelithiasis were randomly assigned to receive either VSFCF (1 g/kg/day) or ursodiol (600 mg/day). Primary outcomes included gallstone size reduction, while secondary outcomes assessed symptom relief (pain, bloating, digestive discomfort) and hepatic markers. Data analysis was performed using SPSS with a significance level set at P<0.05. Results indicated a... 

This work’s main objective is to investigate the thermal behavior of a tetra-ferrite-based nanofluid model under four physical controls. The tetra-nanofluid contains Fe3O4, CoFe2O4, NiZnFe2O4, and MnZnFe2O4 tetra-nanoparticles over a porous surface using ethylene and water (50%-50%) as the base fluid. The fundamental constitutive models are reduced nonlinear ordinary differential equations using appropriate transformative functions. The resulting set of governing equations are found using the Runge-Kutta algorithm. The impacts of critical quantities on the heat transfer, shear factor, and Nusselt number are illustrated through graphs and numerical data. It is noticed that when the...