Sharif Digital Repository

Owing to the local nature of voltage and reactive power control, the voltage control is managed in a zonal or regional basis. A new comprehensive scheme for optimal selection of pilot points is proposed in this study. The uncertainties of operational and topological disturbances of the power system are included to provide the robustness of the pilot node set. To reduce the huge number of probable states (i.e. combined states of load and topological changes), a scenario reduction technique is used. The resulted optimal control problem is solved using a new immune-based genetic algorithm. The performance of the proposed method is verified over IEEE 118-bus and realistic Iranian 1274-bus... 

Recent system wide disturbances have demonstrated the need for automatic system protection schemes to prevent such cascading disturbances. In this paper, an adaptive under-voltage load shedding scheme using model predictive control is proposed to protect power system against voltage instability. The proposed scheme calculates the criticality of the system based on the measurements of voltage magnitudes and reactive power generations and then in case of voltage instability a model predictive based step-sized load shedding scheme will be triggered. The speed and amount of load shedding steps are adapted to the severity of contingency in the affected region. By devising the grid into the... 

In this paper, a wide area measurement, centralized, load frequency control using model predictive control (MPC) is presented for multi-area power systems. A multivariable constrained MPC was used to calculate optimal control actions including generation rate constraints. To alleviate computational effort and to reduce numerical problems, particularly in large prediction horizon, an exponentially weighted functional MPC was employed. Time-based simulation studies were performed on a three-area power system, and the results were then compared with decentralized MPC and classical PI controller. The results show that the proposed MPC scheme offers significantly better performance against load... 

Secondary voltage control is used to re-adjust the reference values of automatic voltage regulators of generators. The performance of the secondary voltage control strongly depends on pilot node selection. In this paper the two proposed control laws for secondary voltage control are discussed and then an immune based algorithm is proposed to solve the optimal pilot node selection problem. The proposed algorithm is based on the clonal selection theory. The merit of immune algorithm lies in pattern recognition and memorization capabilities. Also, to provide independency of electrical zones a decoupling factor based on electrical distance concept is proposed. To verify the network observability... 

Under voltage load shedding is one of the most important tools to avoid voltage instability. In this paper an optimal load shedding algorithm is developed. This approach is based on the concept of the static voltage stability margin and its sensitivity value at the maximum loading point or the collapse point. The traditional load shedding objective is extended to incorporate both technical and economical effects of load shedding. The voltage stability criterion is modeled as a soft constraint into load shedding scheme. The proposed methodology is implemented over the IEEE14 bus system and solved using a mathematical (GAMS/CONOPT) and two heuristic (P.S.O & GA) methods. © 2006 IEEE  

This paper presents a novel approach to optimal placement of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for state estimation. At first, an optimal measurement set is determined to achieve full network observability during normal conditions, i.e. no PMU failure or transmission line outage. Then, in order to consider contingency conditions, the derived scheme in normal conditions is modified to maintain network observability after any PMU loss or a single transmission line outage. Observability analysis is carried out using topological observability rules. A new rule is added that can decrease the number of required PMUs for complete system observability. A modified Binary Particle Swarm Optimization... 

A system protection scheme is proposed to mitigate cascaded voltage collapses. Based on the post-contingency conditions of either existence or non-existence of an equilibrium solution, and with regard to the stability and security criteria, the proposed scheme finds the optimal set of remedies. The proposed stabilising scheme brings the non-equilibrium post-contingency operating point back inside a stable region, and then passes this point to the securing scheme. Also, to enhance the performance of the stabilising scheme, a sensitivity analysis method is presented to detect the most effective remedies. The proposed securing scheme converts the stable, but insecure operating point, to a... 

In this paper, a system wide scheme is proposed to arrest voltage instability. This scheme consists of two stabilizing and securing parts. For post- contingency situations, where there are no equilibrium solutions, first, the stabilizing scheme finds the closest solvable operating point, and then passes this point to the securing scheme. The securing scheme brings the solvable, but insecure operating point, back to a secure and stable one. Also, a voltage stability indicator is proposed to monitor the available margin to the collapse point. The proposed stabilizing and securing model are solved using the sequential quadratic programming technique. ©2009 IEEE  

Under-voltage load shedding is one of the most important tools for avoiding voltage instability. In this paper, an optimal load-shedding algorithm is developed. This approach is based on the concept of the static voltage stability margin and its sensitivity at the maximum loading point or the collapse point. The traditional load-shedding objective is extended to incorporate both technical and economic effects of load shedding. The voltage stability criterion is modeled directly into the load-shedding scheme. The proposed methodology is implemented over the IEEE 14 and 118 bus test systems and solved using a mathematical (GAMS/CONOPT) and two heuristic (PSO and GA) methods. The heuristic... 

This chapter proposes a methodology for optimal dispatch of bilateral electricity contracts, which may endanger the system voltage stability in light of short-term operational planning of a deregulated power system. In this framework the value that each owner of a transaction is willing to pay reflects how much the electricity contract is important to be implemented physically. The proposed model dispatches optimally the bilateral transactions regarding the prices offered by owners of bilateral contracts for reactive power and transmission capacity utilization in one hand and, the total operational costs of reactive power resources in the other hand. The model also includes the limits... 

This paper proposes a methodology for optimal dispatch of bilateral electricity contracts, which may endanger the system voltage stability in light of short-term operational planning of a deregulated power system. In this framework the value that each owner of a transaction is willing to pay will reflect how much the electricity contract is important to be implemented physically. The proposed model dispatches optimally the bilateral transactions regarding the prices offered by owners of bilateral contracts for reactive power and transmission capacity utilization in one hand and, the total operational costs of reactive power resources in the other hand. The model also includes the limits... 

This paper is concerned about the optimal placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs) so as to make a system completely observable. Observability assessment is done by the aid of the topological observability rules. Moreover a new rule is added which can decrease the number of required PMUs for complete system observability. A modified binary particle swarm is used as an optimization tool for obtaining the minimal number of PMUs and corresponding configuration. In order to improve the speed of convergence, an initial PMU placement is provided by graph-theoretic procedure. The simulation results of proposed approach are presented for several IEEE test systems  

This paper first proposes a competitive market structure for reactive power procurement and then develops a methodology for incorporating voltage stability problems into the model. The owners of electric transactions should participate in this competitive framework and submit their own firmness bids in ($/MW) to the Independent/System/Market Operator (ISOIMO). ISO clears the market for reactive energy regarding the value of each transaction and utilization cost of reactive power on one hand, and the impact of transaction amount on the voltage security of the power system on the other hand. Here, the voltage stability margin is incorporated into the power flow equations so that the security... 

In Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, although taking an active role to guide particles moving toward optimal solution, the most-fit candidate does not have a guide itself and only moves along its velocity vector in every iteration. This may yield a noticeable number of agents converge into local optima if the guide (i.e. the most fit candidate) agent cannot explore the best solution. In this paper, an attempt is made to get the advantage of the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) methodology to assist the PSO algorithm for choosing a proper guide for each particle. This will strengthen the PSO abilities for not getting involved in local optima. As a result, we present a promising new...