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SiO2-CaO-MgO glass and glass-ceramic powder doped with Nd 3+ were synthesized with sol-gel method. Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, Mg(NO 3)2·6H2O, Nd(NO3) 3·6H2O, ethanol, distilled water, and HNO 3 were used as starting materials. The synthesized powder's properties were examined with simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The STA curves showed that the softening point and crystallization temperatures were shifted to higher temperatures with increasing dopant content. Regarding XRD patterns of glass samples, Nd was found to act as an intermediate oxide in glass matrix. The XRD... 

In general coding theory, we often assume that error is observed in transferring or storing encoded symbols, while the process of encoding itself is error-free. Motivated by recent applications of coding theory, in this paper, we consider the case where the process of encoding is distributed and prone to error. We introduce the problem of distributed encoding, comprised of a set of K ∈ N isolated source nodes and N ∈ N encoding nodes. Each source node has one symbol from a finite field, which is sent to each of the encoding nodes. Each encoding node stores an encoded symbol from the same field, as a function of the received symbols. However, some of the source nodes are controlled by the... 

In this article, we presented a numerical solution of steady-state magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of an incompressible, electrically conducting Casson hybrid nanofluid through a stretching surface under the incitement of viscous dissipation, heat generation and induced magnetism. A viscous mixture of water and ethylene glycol (Formula presented.) is considered as a base fluid. Enhanced thermal aspects of the working fluid due to suspended manganese zinc ferrite ((Formula presented.)) and silver ((Formula presented.)) nanoparticles are analyzed by successive over relaxation iterative method. A self-similar procedure is adopted to obtain dimensionless system of governing equations. Order... 

In this research, we investigate a three-stage supply chain with one supplier, several manufacturers and multiple retailers where the supplier provides a common raw material to each manufacturer, who in turn uses a single stage production facility to convert it into final products that are delivered at fixed lot sizes to retailers. An integrated economic procurement, production, and delivery model is developed whose objective is to find the common production cycle length, production sequences of final products at manufacturers and delivery frequencies of final products to retailers minimizing the total costs of considered supply chain. We propose an analytical solution procedure and an... 

In this study, an enzymatic pathway has been developed to replicate the Calvin Cycle by creating the individual steps of the carbon cycle in a bioreactor. The technology known as “artificial photosynthesis” converts CO2 emissions into a variety of intermediates that serve as precursors to high-value products. CO2, light, water, and electricity were used as feedstock. An electrochemical reactor was also studied for the regeneration of active NADH operating at constant electrode potential. Initially, a batch electrochemical reactor containing 80 mL of 0.2 mM NAD+ in Tris-buffer (pH 7.40) was used to evaluate the electrode material operating at normal temperature and pressure. The results... 

Plant ecology has long been concerned with determining the factors that influence distribution of plant species. A fundamental premise of plant ecophysiology is that the relationship between plants and their environmental elements is considerably influenced by plant distribution. Ecophysiology and plant distributions are therefore inextricably linked. This chapter elaborates on what is recognized about tropical trees’ responses to varying resource availability and how this knowledge is essential for designing a more comprehensive picture of the tropical forest’s capabilities to respond to a changing environment. At the minimum, five trends of interacting ecophysiological variables may enable... 

A non-terminated, low molecular weight, highly crystalline, linear aliphatic polyester was successfully synthesized via ester-interchange polycondensation of cis-2-butene-1,4-diol and diethyl oxalate by using of lead (II) oxide as the catalyst. No decarboxylation occurred during the optimized polymerization. Structural and Chemical identification was performed by elemental analysis, FTIR, 'H-NMR, and Mass spectroscopy. Some macrocyle species were detected in the product, according to GPC. Fragmentation patterns were suggested for the main m/e's of the mass spectrum. Thermal characterization was performed by DSC and TGA. It was found that the overall thermal stability of the polyester is... 

Based on the fact that the manipulation of fine nanoclusters calls for more precise modelling, the aim of this paper is to conduct an atomistic investigation for interaction analysis of particle-substrate system for pushing and positioning purposes. In the present research, 2D molecular dynamics simulations have been used to investigate such behaviours. Performing the planar simulations can provide a fairly acceptable qualitative tool for our purpose while the computation time is reduced extremely in comparison to 3D simulations. To perform this study, Nose-Hoover dynamics and Sutton-Chen interatomic potential will be used to investigate the behaviour of the aforementioned system. Pushing of... 

Molecular dynamics simulations are carried out to investigate the manipulation of metallic clusters on stepped surfaces. Five surface forms are considered in the simulations. The system parts are made of pure transition metals and Sutton-Chen many-body potential is used as interatomic potential. The conditions which are subjected to change in the tests include: materials used for particles and substrate, and surface step conditions. In addition to qualitative observations, two criteria which represent the particle deformation and substrate abrasion are utilized as evaluation tools and are computed for each case. Simulation results show the effect of the aforementioned working conditions on... 

A new reflectance optical sensor array for locating fetal signal transabdominally has been determined in this study. The selection of optical sensor array is based on the highest Irradiance (μW/m2) value estimated on respected detectors. A three-layer semi-infinite tissue model which consists of maternal, amniotic fluid sac and fetal tissues is employed to study the optical sensor array configuration. By using statistical error approach, the number of rays injected to the system can be set to 1 million rays with ±3.2% of simulation error. The simulation results obtained from Monte Carlo technique reveal that diamond configuration is the most suitable configuration of reflectance optical... 

The development of a synthetic model of a pregnant woman abdomen with amniotic fluid and a fetus is discussed comprehensively in this paper. The model is intended to be used for studying the light propagation through physical 3D model of pregnant woman in reflectance mode. To construct the model, reported dimension values of body curvature in 26 and 28 weeks of pregnant woman are being used as main references. Although slightly adjustments have been made to the body dimensions, the values are still within the range of reference values. Optical simulation has been performed in order to test the model capability. Given the reasonable computational time and encouraging preliminary results, the... 

This article presents, for the first time, a comparative analysis of two different solution methodologies for the numerical investigation of flow and thermal behavior of Casson fluid through a channel having linearly extending lower wall while the upper wall is kept at rest. MHD Casson fluid boundary layer flow is supposed to be steady, laminar, viscous, and incompressible. We have taken into account the mixed convection effects, whereas the usual no slip condition has been imposed on both walls. The Navier–Stokes equations for the proposed model have been converted into nonlinear and coupled system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by employing similarity variables, which are then... 

This research work was conducted to investigate the anatomical and antioxidant studies of some ethnoveterinary grasses (Cenchrus pennisetiformis and Dichanthium annulatum). The anatomical characteristics (compact epidermal layer, large cortical cells, thickened sclerenchyma, central and scattered vascular bundles, large metaxylem, small protoxylem, and centrally located pith) were observed. For the antioxidant activity studies, the crude methanol extract was prepared by maceration techniques and different fractions were prepared (n-hexane, chloroform, and aqueous solution). The maximum antioxidant potential in DPPH was shown by C. pennisetiformis at a concentration of 250 µL in the... 

In this study, the traffic parameters were collected from three work zones in Iran in order to evaluate the queue length in the work zones. The work zones were observed at peak and non-peak hours. The results showed that abrupt changes in Freeway Free Speed (FFS) and arrival flow rate caused shockwaves and created a bot-tleneck in that section of the freeway. In addition, accel-eration reduction, abrupt change in the shockwave speed, abrupt change in the arrival flow rate and increase in the percentage of heavy vehicles have led to extreme queue lengths and delay. It has been found that using daily traffic data for scheduling the maintenance and rehabilita-tion projects could diminish the... 

In an era characterized by ever-increasing data exchange across different networks, the importance of robust network security measures cannot be overemphasized. Cryptographic algorithms, on the other hand, perform a vital role in imparting security to the sensitive information during transmission, with S-Boxes (Substitution Boxes) serving as a fundamental component of symmetric-key ciphers. This study has endeavored to engineer a novel S-Box algorithm to bolster the network security. Moreover, the core focus of the suggested algorithm lies in enhancing the confidentiality, defiance to nefarious designs of cryptanalysis savvy, and overall cryptographic strength of data encryption in network... 

The features of heat transferral capability between metallic (Cu) and non-metallic (TiO2) nanoparticles suspended in the engine-oil (EO) third-grade base-liquid has been analysed under the influence of strong magnetic field. The numerical investigation of system of coupled differential equations for third-grade nanofluid flow model is accomplished via Quasi-linearization method (QLM). The stretching horizontal sheet is heated through convective heat process assuming the special effects of thermal radiation, joule heating, heat generation and viscous dissipation in the energy equation. The mass suction and slip velocity at the boundary of the sheet has been taken into account to enhance... 

Purpose: With possible uses in engineering and industrial processes, this work aims to further our knowledge of fluid dynamics and heat transfer in complicated flow configurations. This study looks at how Al2O3−Cu/H2O hybrid nanofluids move across a nonlinear radiative 3D unsteady surface. It tries to figure out what happens when the Hall current, variable viscosity, viscous dissipation, velocity and thermal slip conditions work together. The goal of this analysis is to provide insight into the system's thermodynamic behavior and the ways in which these elements affect the flow's entropy generation. Methodology: The controlling system is converted into nonlinear nondimensional partial... 

Local educational institutions produce in-house English for Specific Purpose (ESP) materials according to the curriculum policies designated and developed by the Ministry of Higher Education In Iran. To this end, this book aims to be used in the Iranian setting at the tertiary level for undergraduate students majoring in Mechanical Engineering. Moreover, the style of English usage in this ESP textbook is American.
Regarding the content of the textbook, it has both thematic organizations in which the topics are relevant and includes sufficient treatment of the target language areas necessary for the students. The principle organizing approach of this textbook is theme-based. In addition,... 

In this study, 490 nm thin tin selenide thin films were deposited by facile co-evaporation techniques using Sn and Se sources on a clean glass substrate. The thin films were annealed at moderate annealing temperature followed by characterization and analysis. The thin annealed films possess polycrystalline nature and orthorhombic structure with an average grain size of 130 nm. The band gap assessed from absorption spectra for the highly annealed sample was 1.52 eV. The resistivity and sheet resistance were measured with four-probe techniques and the sheet resistance was =1.362 × 104 ohm for the highly annealed film. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd  

In this study, 490 nm thin tin selenide thin films were deposited by facile co-evaporation techniques using Sn and Se sources on a clean glass substrate. The thin films were annealed at moderate annealing temperature followed by characterization and analysis. The thin annealed films possess polycrystalline nature and orthorhombic structure with an average grain size of 130 nm. The band gap assessed from absorption spectra for the highly annealed sample was 1.52 eV. The resistivity and sheet resistance were measured with four-probe techniques and the sheet resistance was =1.362 × 104 ohm for the highly annealed film. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd